Does  the  Present  Really  Exist? On   the  Debate  between  Madhyamakas  vs. Naiyāyikas·Vaiyākaraṇas

doi:10.23058/brcr.2024.13.003

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Does the Present Really Exist? On the Debate between Madhyamakas vs. Naiyāyikas·Vaiyākaraṇas 바르뜨리하리 시간론의 선구적 논의: Park, Souyoung
박수영; Researcher Professor, Buddhist Intangible Culture Research Institute, Dongguk Univwesity

동국대학교 불교무형문화연구소, 연구초빙교수

31 August 2024. pp. 63-92

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Abstract

동사 어근에 시제접사가 첨가되어 과거·현재·미래의 세 시제를 뚜렷하게 구분하는 것은 산스끄리뜨어 등 인도-유럽어에서만 발견되는 특수한 현상이다. 시간성은 언어를 통해서만 표현되므로 시간에 대한 논의는 언어학과 관련하여 논의될 수밖에 없다. 그리고 시간성 의식의 근거인 시간의 경과(passage)는 ‘지금’(now)과 밀접하게 관련된 것으로, 발화자의 위치에 따라 달라지는 공간적 ‘여기’(here)와 달리 만유에 공통된 유일한 현재에 대한 논의가 시간론의 중심에 있다. 이에 본고에서는 고대 인도철학에서 현재에 대한 논쟁으로 알려진 몇 가지 대론(對論)을 검토해보고자 한다. 『마하바시아(Mahābhāṣya)』, 『정리경(Nyāyasūtra)』, 『정리경주해(Nyāyasūtra bhāṣya)』, 『중론송(Mūlamadhyamakakārikāḥ)』, 『문장단어론(Vākyapadīya)』에서 발견되는 중관 vs. 정리·문법학파의 대론을 검토하여 기존의 견해를 재고할 것이다. 특히 운동과 시간을 부정했다고 알려진 중관학파의 견해를 검토하고, 정리·문법학파의 현재와 W. 제임스의 의제적 현재(specious present) 개념의 유사성을 확인할 것이다.

키워드

행위(kriyā)

객관적 현재

의제적 현재

Indeed, it is only in the Indo-European languages including Sanskrit that distinctions between past, present, and future have been fully developed. The theory of time must of necessity be discussed related to linguistics, because temporality is expressed through only language. In addition, temporal now which is the basis of the consciousness on temporal passage is all-pervasive while spatial here depending on speakers. Therefore the discussion of present has been at the center of heated debates. This study examined some arguments and debates about the present in ancient Indian philosophical texts such as Mahābhāṣya, Nyāyasūtra, Nyāyasūtrabhāṣya, Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikāḥ, Vākyapadīya. In particular I paid attention to revisiting some doubt as to whether Nagarjuna denies is movement and time. And I verified the conceptual similarity of present between Naiyāyikas, Vaiyākaraṇas and Jamesian specious present.

Keywords

Action

Objective Present

Specious Present

References

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MMK: Mūlamadhyamakakārikāḥ from de La Vallée Poussin (1903-1913). Mūlama dhyamakakārikās (Mādhyamikasūtras) de Nāgārjuna avec la Prasannapadā, commentaire de Candrakīrti. Bibliotheca Buddhica 4. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
NS: Nyāyasūtra from Taranatha Nyayatarkatirtha and Amarendramohan Tarkatirtha (1936). Nyāyadarśanam with Vātsyāyana's Bhāṣya, Uddyotakara's Vārttika, Vācaspati Miśra's Tātparyaṭīkā and Viśvanātha's Vṛtti. Calcutta Sanskrit Series 18. Calcutta: Metropolitan Printing and Publishing House. Reprinted: Kyoto: Rinsen Book Co., 1982; Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1985.
NBh: Nyāyabhāṣya from Taranatha Nyayatarkatirtha and Amarendramohan Tarkatirtha (1936).
P: Aṣṭādhyāyī from Böhtlingk, Otto(1887). Pāṇini's Grammatik: herausgegeben, übersetzt, erläutert und mit verschiedenem Indices versehen, Abteilung Ⅰ & Ⅱ. Leipzig: Verlag von H. Haessel.
PK: Prakāśa from Iyer(1973).
PP: Prasannapada from de La Vallée Poussin(1903-1913).
T: 大正新脩大藏經. from 中華電子佛典協會(CBETA).
VP: Bhartṛhari's Vākyapadīya: Versuch einer vollständigen deutschen Übersetzung nach der kritischen Edition der Mūla-Kārikās, hrsg. von Oskar von Hinüber. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Abhandlung der Geistes und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Einzelveröffentlichung Nr. 8. Mainz. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
VS: Vaiśeṣikasūtra from Jambūvijayajī, Muni Śrī(1961). Vaiśeṣikasūtra of Kaṇāda with the Commentary of Candrānanda. Gaekwad's Oriental Series 136. Baroda: Oriental Institute.

김성철(2004). 『중론, 논리로부터의 해탈 논리에 의한 해탈』, 서울: 불교시대사.
서정형(2004). 『나가르주나 중론』, 『철학사상』 별책 제3권 제3호. 서울대학교 철학사상연구소.
한충만(2015). 『현재론과 존재 수반 원리로부터의 문제』, 연세대학교 석사학위논문.
Cardona, George(1991) "A Path Still Taken: Some Early Indian Arguments concerning Time." JAOS 111/3: 445-464.
10.2307/604264
(1999) "Approaching the Vākyapadīya." JAOS 119/1: 88-125.
10.2307/605543
Frauwallner, Erich(1961). "Landmarks in the History of lndian Logic." WZKS 5: 125-148. [Kleine Schriften: 847-870].
Houben, Jan (1995). The Saṃ̇bandha-samuddeśa (Chapter on Relation) and Bhartṛ̣hari's Philosophy of Language. A Study of Bhartṛhari Saṃbandha-samuddeśa in the context of the Vākyapadīya, with a translation of Helārāja's commentary Prakīrṇ̣a-prakāśa. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
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Iyer, K. A. Subramania(1969) Bhartṛhari, a Study of the Vākyapadīya in the Light of the Ancient Commentaries. (Deccan College Building Centenary and Silver Jubilee Series 68.) Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute.
(1973) (ed) Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari with the Prakīr ṇaprakāśa of Helārāja. Kāṇḍa III, part 2. Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute.
James, William(1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
Katsura, Shoryu(2009). 『인도인의 논리학: 문답법에서 귀납법으로』, 권서용 외 옮김. 부산: 산지니.
Kelly, Sean D.(2005). "The Puzzle of Temporal Experience." In: Andrew Brook and Kathleen Akins (eds.), Cognition and the Brain: the Philosophy and Neuroscience Movement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 208-238.
10.1017/CBO9780511610608.007
Kiparsky, Paul(1979) Pāṇini as a Variationist. ed. by S. D. Joshi. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
(2002) "On the Architecture of Pāṇini's Grammar." In: Proceedings of CIEFL. Hyderabad: 1-59.
Le Poidevin, Robin(2015). "The Experience and Perception of Time", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/time-experience/>.
Markosian, Ned(2015). "Time", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ spr2014/entries/time/>.
McTaggart, J. Ellis(1908). "The Unreality of Time." Mind, New Series, Vol. 17, No. 68 (Oct., 1908): 457-474.
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Ogawa, Hideyo(2008). ｢Anakṣaro Dharmaḥ: 언표불가능성｣, 『보조사상』 29집, 서울: 보조사상연구원: 145-183.
Panda, Ganesh Prasad(1998). "The Concept of Time in Indian Grammatical Tradition (2)." Nagoya Studies in Indian Culture and Buddhism: Saṁbhāṣā 19, University of Nagoya: 22-62.
Potter, Karl H.(1977). (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Ramseier, Yves(1998). "Review of Houben 1995." Indo-Iranian Journal 41: 272-281.
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Sharma, Peri Sarveswara(1972). The Kālasamuddeśa of Bhartṛhari's Vākyapadīya. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Sharma, Rama Nath(1987-2003). The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, vol.I(2002), vol.II (2000), vol.III(2002), vol.IV(2001), vol.V(2001), vol.VI(2003). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
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(1922) The Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science. Cambridge: The University Press.

Information

Publisher :불교의례문화연구소
Publisher(Ko) :불교의례문화연구소
Journal Title :Intangible Culture
Journal Title(Ko) :무형문화연구
Volume : 13
Pages :63-92
DOI :https://doi.org/10.23058/brcr.2024.13.003

[1] MBh: The Vyākaraṇamahābhāṣya of Patañjali based on the edition by Franz Kielhorn (Bombay 1880-1885), revised by K.V. Abhyankar (Poona 1972-1996), With additional references of the edition Gurukuljhajjar, Rohatak (Rohtak): Hariyana sahitya samsthan, 1961-1963, 5 vols.

[2] MMK: Mūlamadhyamakakārikāḥ from de La Vallée Poussin (1903-1913). Mūlama dhyamakakārikās (Mādhyamikasūtras) de Nāgārjuna avec la Prasannapadā, commentaire de Candrakīrti. Bibliotheca Buddhica 4. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.

[3] NS: Nyāyasūtra from Taranatha Nyayatarkatirtha and Amarendramohan Tarkatirtha (1936). Nyāyadarśanam with Vātsyāyana's Bhāṣya, Uddyotakara's Vārttika, Vācaspati Miśra's Tātparyaṭīkā and Viśvanātha's Vṛtti. Calcutta Sanskrit Series 18. Calcutta: Metropolitan Printing and Publishing House. Reprinted: Kyoto: Rinsen Book Co., 1982; Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1985.

[4] NBh: Nyāyabhāṣya from Taranatha Nyayatarkatirtha and Amarendramohan Tarkatirtha (1936).

[5] P: Aṣṭādhyāyī from Böhtlingk, Otto(1887). Pāṇini's Grammatik: herausgegeben, übersetzt, erläutert und mit verschiedenem Indices versehen, Abteilung Ⅰ & Ⅱ. Leipzig: Verlag von H. Haessel.

[6] PK: Prakāśa from Iyer(1973).

[7] PP: Prasannapada from de La Vallée Poussin(1903-1913).

[8] T: 大正新脩大藏經. from 中華電子佛典協會(CBETA).

[9] VP: Bhartṛhari's Vākyapadīya: Versuch einer vollständigen deutschen Übersetzung nach der kritischen Edition der Mūla-Kārikās, hrsg. von Oskar von Hinüber. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Abhandlung der Geistes und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Einzelveröffentlichung Nr. 8. Mainz. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

[10] VS: Vaiśeṣikasūtra from Jambūvijayajī, Muni Śrī(1961). Vaiśeṣikasūtra of Kaṇāda with the Commentary of Candrānanda. Gaekwad's Oriental Series 136. Baroda: Oriental Institute.

[11] 김성철(2004). 『중론, 논리로부터의 해탈 논리에 의한 해탈』, 서울: 불교시대사.

[12] 서정형(2004). 『나가르주나 중론』, 『철학사상』 별책 제3권 제3호. 서울대학교 철학사상연구소.

[13] 한충만(2015). 『현재론과 존재 수반 원리로부터의 문제』, 연세대학교 석사학위논문.

[14] Cardona, George(1991) "A Path Still Taken: Some Early Indian Arguments concerning Time." JAOS 111/3: 445-464.
10.2307/604264

[15] (1999) "Approaching the Vākyapadīya." JAOS 119/1: 88-125.
10.2307/605543

[16] Frauwallner, Erich(1961). "Landmarks in the History of lndian Logic." WZKS 5: 125-148. [Kleine Schriften: 847-870].

[17] Houben, Jan (1995). The Saṃ̇bandha-samuddeśa (Chapter on Relation) and Bhartṛ̣hari's Philosophy of Language. A Study of Bhartṛhari Saṃbandha-samuddeśa in the context of the Vākyapadīya, with a translation of Helārāja's commentary Prakīrṇ̣a-prakāśa. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
10.1163/9789004454620

[18] Iyer, K. A. Subramania(1969) Bhartṛhari, a Study of the Vākyapadīya in the Light of the Ancient Commentaries. (Deccan College Building Centenary and Silver Jubilee Series 68.) Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute.

[19] (1973) (ed) Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari with the Prakīr ṇaprakāśa of Helārāja. Kāṇḍa III, part 2. Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute.

[20] James, William(1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Holt.

[21] Katsura, Shoryu(2009). 『인도인의 논리학: 문답법에서 귀납법으로』, 권서용 외 옮김. 부산: 산지니.

[22] Kelly, Sean D.(2005). "The Puzzle of Temporal Experience." In: Andrew Brook and Kathleen Akins (eds.), Cognition and the Brain: the Philosophy and Neuroscience Movement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 208-238.
10.1017/CBO9780511610608.007

[23] Kiparsky, Paul(1979) Pāṇini as a Variationist. ed. by S. D. Joshi. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

[24] (2002) "On the Architecture of Pāṇini's Grammar." In: Proceedings of CIEFL. Hyderabad: 1-59.

[25] Le Poidevin, Robin(2015). "The Experience and Perception of Time", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/time-experience/>.

[26] Markosian, Ned(2015). "Time", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ spr2014/entries/time/>.

[27] McTaggart, J. Ellis(1908). "The Unreality of Time." Mind, New Series, Vol. 17, No. 68 (Oct., 1908): 457-474.
10.1093/mind/XVII.4.457

[28] Ogawa, Hideyo(2008). ｢Anakṣaro Dharmaḥ: 언표불가능성｣, 『보조사상』 29집, 서울: 보조사상연구원: 145-183.

[29] Panda, Ganesh Prasad(1998). "The Concept of Time in Indian Grammatical Tradition (2)." Nagoya Studies in Indian Culture and Buddhism: Saṁbhāṣā 19, University of Nagoya: 22-62.

[30] Potter, Karl H.(1977). (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

[31] Ramseier, Yves(1998). "Review of Houben 1995." Indo-Iranian Journal 41: 272-281.
10.1023/A:1003099226980

[32] Sharma, Peri Sarveswara(1972). The Kālasamuddeśa of Bhartṛhari's Vākyapadīya. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

[33] Sharma, Rama Nath(1987-2003). The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, vol.I(2002), vol.II (2000), vol.III(2002), vol.IV(2001), vol.V(2001), vol.VI(2003). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.

[34] Vidyabhusana, Satis Chandra(1920). A History of Indian Logic (Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools). Calcutta: University of Calcutta.

[35] Whitehead, Alfred North(1919) An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge. Cambridge: The University Press.

[36] (1922) The Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science. Cambridge: The University Press.

Intangible Culture ISSN:2799-3868(Print) 무형문화연구

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